天文界最近的大热点,莫过于“鸽王”——詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope, JWST)——终于迎来了飞向太空的准确日子,2021年12月22日(这次是真的吗)。这架太空望远镜于1996年立项时,目标是2007年上天。然而它命运多舛,经历了不断的拖延、追加经费、乃至几乎流产等一系列折腾,活活拖了14年。现在它(好像)真要出发了,怎不令人心潮澎湃?
韦伯望远镜最初的名字是“下一代太空望远镜”(Next Generation Space Telescope),“下一代”是相对哈勃太空望远镜而言的。它的官方定位是哈勃继任者,主要任务是要比哈勃看到更深更远的宇宙深空,追溯宇宙在132亿年以前、刚刚形成初代恒星和星系时的婴儿期相貌。它的观测结果,将为宇宙的早期演化史提供重要数据。
The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during its first dives into the water, about four days after leaving the nest, a fledgling may become waterlogged and drown. Many young will not have learned to fish by the time they are driven out of their parents’ territory, and only about half survive more than a week or two. Most kingfishers die of cold or lack of food, and a severe winter can kill a high percentage of the birds. Summer floods can destroy nests or make fishing difficult, resulting in starvation of the brood. Only a quarter of the young survive to breed the following year, but this is enough to maintain the population. Likewise, only a quarter of adult birds survive from one breeding season to the next. Very few birds live longer than one breeding season. The oldest bird on record was 21 years.